Influence of thermally grown oxides on interfacial friction during hot deformation of large-size forging ingots

High-strength steels are pre-heated in gas-fired furnaces before undergoing the open-die forging process. This process increases thermal oxidation on steel surfaces, affecting interfacial friction between ingot and anvils during deformation. Two medium carbon high-strength with different nickel contents were oxidized, mechanical characteristics of oxide layers investigated by micro nano-indentation methods. It was found that formed high had lower Young modulus hardness compared to nickel. Finite element modeling ring tests used assess layers' effect The results demonstrated formation decreased deformation load, acting as lubricants at temperatures.